Yet heating was a problem for chemists well into the 19th century. Furnaces and charcoal burners were fine for calcinations but delicate experiments like distillation required something more subtle. Oil-based heaters were fiddly: the sootiness of the flame rapidly blackened flasks and reduced the amount of heat the lamp could deliver. A better option was to use a spirit lamp – a squat glass bottle filled with alcohol, tapering to a narrow neck which held a cotton wick.
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